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New perspectives in pharmacological intervention of musculoskeletal disorders |
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Хорошие и красивые зубы на 4 имплантах цена под ключ - Имплантмен |
Michele Curatolo, M. D., Ph. D. Department of Anaesthesiology, Division of Pain Therapy. University Hospital of Bern, Switzerland Introduction Currently Used Therapies Steroids.Epidural steroids may be effective in lumbosacral radiculopathy, but are not effective in the treatment of primary musculoskeletal disorders 2 . Steroid injection into the zygapophysial joints is not effective in chronic pain after whiplash injury 3 . Intraarticular steroids may be useful in patients with painful shoulder syndrome 4 . Myorelaxants.Myorelaxants may be effective in acute low back pain with muscle spasm 5 , but the benefits for chronic pain are unclear. Opioids.Opioids are increasingly used for chronic non-cancer pain. Oral opioids reduce pain intensity in patients with chronic musculoskeletal pain 6 . However, pain relief is quantitatively modest and usually not associated with functional or psychological improvements 6 . To date, there is a lack of long-term, prospective, controlled, studies on the use of opioids in musculoskeletal pain. Antidepressants.Antidepressants are more effective than placebo in relieving chronic low back pain, but the difference is quantitatively modest 7 . Future Perspectives Antagonists of the NMDA-Receptor. Psychophysical human studies have revealed the presence of hyperalgesia in patients with chronic musculoskeletal pain, which results from alterations in the central processing of nociceptive input 9 . At present, the role of this mechanism in the determination of the pain complaints is unclear. Specific treatment of hyperalgesia associated with central hypersensitivity is the use of NMDA-receptor antagonists 10 . The clinical use of the currently available NMDA-antagonists is limited by psychogenic side-effects. The development of potent NMDA-antagonists that are better tolerated may open new perspectives in the pharmacological treatment of musculoskeletal pain. Cannabinoids.Drugs acting at the cannabinoid receptors produce analgesia and enhance morphine-induced antinociception in the animal 11 . If these findings are confirmed in humans, cannabinoids are potentially interesting in pain management. To date, these drugs are still in the list of forbidden substances in most countries. Local Anaesthetics.Local anaesthetics may provide complete pain relief in musculoskeletal pain arising from defined structures. Blocking nerve conduction by radiofrequency lesion is still the only scientifically validated treatment that provides complete pain relief in patients with neck pain arising from the zygapophysial joints 12 . Short-lasting effect and unselective block of all fibre populations strongly limit the usefulness of local anaesthetics in chronic pain. However, the pharmacological effects can be prolonged by encapsulating local anaesthetic into liposomes 13 or slowly biodegradable polymers 14 . C-selective sodium channel blockers are under investigations 15 . The availability for clinical practice of long-acting, C-fibre specific, local anaesthetics would enable long-lasting pain relief in selected musculoskeletal pain conditions. Drug Combinations.As for other pain conditions, analgesics are variously combined for musculoskeletal pain. Pharmacological therapies are also combined with non-pharmacological approaches. To date, the optimal combination resulting from the different therapeutic strategies is not known. Recently, an optimisation model has been applied for the first time to a clinical investigation 16 . This model may provide a rational approach for identifying optimal combinations of therapeutic strategies. Conclusions The currently available drugs are frequently successful in reducing the level of pain, but the effect size is modest. If complete pain relief and resolution of disability is the aim of treatment, we must admit that there is no new pharmacological therapy by which these goals can be reached. Recent developments open new perspectives in the pharmacological treatment of musculoskeletal pain that may represent important steps towards satisfactory pain management. Regrettably, the way still appears long and impervious. References 1) Emery P, Zeidler H, Kvien TK, Guslandi M, Naudin R, Stead H, Verburg KM, Isakson PC, Hubbard RC,
Geis GS : Celecobix versus diclofenac in long-term management of rheumatoid arthritis : randomised double-blind
comparison. Lancet 1999 ; 354 : 2106-11. Pain in Europe III. EFIC 2000, Nice, France, September 26-29, 2000. Abstracts book, p. 134 - 135. |
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